tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15075267338142019712024-03-05T06:43:21.563-07:00In NuceLiterature and Language GeeklandShannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comBlogger923125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-9325035168185669772015-06-01T02:00:00.000-06:002015-06-01T02:00:03.842-06:00Punctuation: Semicolon<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></span></h2>
<h2 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Punctuation<span style="background-color: white;">: </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Semicolon</span></span></span></span> </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>From <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vlcOAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Manual of Style</a> by University of Chicago Press</i></span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>:</i></span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;">A <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>semicolon</b></span> is used to mark the <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>division of a sentence</b></span> somewhat <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>more independent than that marked by a comma</b></span>.</span></blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
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<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">I. <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><span style="background-color: white;">Use a semicolon to <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">connect two or more independent clauses</span>.</span></span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="gtxt_body">It is so in war; it is
so in economic life; it cannot be otherwise in religion</span>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Each division of the above sentence <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>could stand independently</b></span><span class="gtxt_body">. Breaking the thought into three sentences would slow it down. Connecting the separate thoughts with semicolons creates a flow and/or sense of urgency.</span></blockquote>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">II. Note that a semicolon may <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">replace the use of a comma and conjunction</span>.</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">It is so in war, and it is so in economic life, and it cannot be otherwise in religion. </span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Use <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>either a semicolon OR a comma and a conjunction</b></span>, but never both together.</blockquote>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">III. <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><span style="background-color: white;">Use a semicolon <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">before transitional adverbs</span>.</span></span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="gtxt_body">Sarah wanted to buy a Pomeranian; <i>however</i>, her landlord nixed the idea</span>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>Then, however, thus, hence, indeed, accordingly, besides</b></span>, </i>and <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b><i>therefore</i></b></span> are considered<span class="gtxt_body"> <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>adverbs rather than conjunctions</b></span>, and therefore may be preceded by a semicolon when used to transition from one clause to another.</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="gtxt_body">When the adverbs <i><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>yet</b></span> </i>and <i><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>so</b></span> </i>are <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>used transitionally as conjunctions</b></span>, they are preceded by a comma:</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">It was raining, so I borrowed Ralph's umbrella. </span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
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<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">IV. <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">In enumerations</span> use a semicolon <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">between the
different links</span>.</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="gtxt_body" style="font-size: large;">The defendant, in justification of his act, pleaded that (i) he was
despondent over the loss of his wife; (2) he was out of work; (3) he had
had nothing to eat for two days; (4) he was under the influence of
liquor.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
And:</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;">The membership of the international commission was
made up as follows: France, 4; Germany, 5; Great Britain, 1.</span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
And also: </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;"> <span class="gtxt_body">Presidents Hadley, of Yale; Eliot, of Harvard; Butler, of
Columbia; and Angell, of Michigan.</span></span></blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">III. </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">In <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Scripture references</span> a semicolon is used to <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">separate passages containing chapters</span></span>. </h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Gen. 2:3-6, 9, 14; 3:17; chap. 5; 6:15.</span></blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="gtxt_body"></span></blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">VII. <span style="background-color: white;">Place a semicolon <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">outside of quotation marks</span>.</span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">John's favorite poem is <span class="gtxt_body">“</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ozymandias</span><span class="gtxt_body"><span class="gtxt_body">”</span></span>; he memorized it to recite to his friends.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
The <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>semicolon</b></span> should be <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>placed outside the quotation marks</b></span>, unless a part of the quotation.</div>
</blockquote>
<br /><div class="gtxt_body">
<br /></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#writing
#composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #grammar
#punctuation #semicolon </span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-43926775615919015822015-05-25T02:00:00.000-06:002015-05-25T02:00:00.444-06:00Punctuation: Colon<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zR2rIMrVHcw/VWJc3k-GKYI/AAAAAAAAC5Y/j7IwevyYj7g/s1600/punctuation_colon_2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zR2rIMrVHcw/VWJc3k-GKYI/AAAAAAAAC5Y/j7IwevyYj7g/s1600/punctuation_colon_2.png" /></a></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></span></h2>
<h2 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Punctuation<span style="background-color: white;">: </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Colon</span></span></span></span> </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>From <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vlcOAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Manual of Style</a> by University of Chicago Press</i></span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>:</i></span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;">A colon marks a <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>break in grammatical construction</b></span> while <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>emphasizing the relationship between the parts</b></span>. It represents a break<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="background-color: white;"></span></span> <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>greater than that indicated by a semicolon</b></span> and <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>less than that indicated by a period</b></span>.</span></blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">I. <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Emphasizes a close connection</span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">The fear of death is universal: even the lowest animals instinctively shrink from annihilation.<span style="font-style: italic;"></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
A colon is commonly used to <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>emphasize a</b> <b>close
connection in thought between two clauses,</b> <b>each of which forms a complete
sentence</b></span> and which<span class="gtxt_body"> could instead be separated by a period. </span></blockquote>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">II. <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Separates from illustration or amplification</span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Most countries have a national flower: France the
lily, England the rose, etc.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="gtxt_body">A colon may be used to <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>
separate a clause which is grammatically complete from a second which
contains an illustration</b></span> or amplification of its meaning</span></blockquote>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">III. <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">Introduces a formal statement, extract, or dialogue</span></span> </h3>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">The rule may be stated thus: Love one another.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Charles: <span class="gtxt_body">“</span>Where are you going?”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">George: <span class="gtxt_body">“</span>To the pub.”</span> </blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="gtxt_body">A colon may be used to</span><span class="gtxt_body"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"> <b>introduce a formal statement, an extract, a speech in a dialogue</b></span>, etc.</span><span class="gtxt_body"><span style="font-size: small;">,</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span>(unless
this is preceded by a conjunction, like </span><span class="gtxt_body"><span style="font-size: small;">“</span>that,</span><span class="gtxt_body"><span class="gtxt_body"><span style="font-size: small;">”</span></span> immediately connecting
it with what goes before).</span></blockquote>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">IV. <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Takes the place of an implied phrase</span> </span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">This is true of only two nations—the wealthiest, though not the
largest, in Europe: Great Britain and France.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The colon thus often<span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"> <b>takes the place of an implied <span class="gtxt_body"><span style="font-size: small;">“</span></span>namely,<span class="gtxt_body"><span class="gtxt_body"><span style="font-size: small;">”</span></span></span> <span class="gtxt_body"><span style="font-size: small;">“</span></span>as
follows,<span class="gtxt_body"><span class="gtxt_body"><span style="font-size: small;">”</span></span></span> <span class="gtxt_body"><span style="font-size: small;">“</span></span>for instance,<span class="gtxt_body"><span class="gtxt_body"><span style="font-size: small;">”</span></span></span> or a similar phrase</b></span>. Where such word or phrase
is used, it should be followed by a colon if what follows consists of
one or more grammatically complete clauses; otherwise, by a comma.</blockquote>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">V. <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Follows an introductory remark</span></span></h3>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: </span></blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Put a colon <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>after the introductory remark</b></span> of a speaker <b>
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">addressing the chairman or the audience</span></b>.</blockquote>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">VI. <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Separates hours and minutes, chapter and verse</span> </span> </h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">4:30 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">p.m.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Matt. 2:5-13</span> </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Put a colon <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>between hours and minutes</b> <b>in time</b> <b>indications</b></span>, and <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>between chapter and verse in Scripture</b></span> passages.</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">VII. <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Place a colon outside of quotation marks</span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Susan writes under the head of <span class="gtxt_body">“</span>Notes and Comments<span class="gtxt_body"><span class="gtxt_body">”</span></span>: no one knows who she is.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
The colon should be placed <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>outside the quotation marks, unless a part of the quotation</b></span>.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> </span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;"></span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">VIII. <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Material following a colon sometimes begins with a capital</span></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">The rule may be stated thus: Love one another.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Charles: <span class="gtxt_body">“</span>Where are you going?”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">George: <span class="gtxt_body">“</span>To the pub.”</span> </blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
If what follows a colon is a <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>formal statement</b></span>, <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>more than one sentence</b></span>, <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>a speech in dialogue</b></span>, or <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>a quotation</b></span>, it should <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>begin with a capital</b></span>.</blockquote>
<div class="gtxt_body">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#writing
#composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #grammar
#punctuation #colon </span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-4924249681759309272015-05-18T02:00:00.000-06:002015-05-18T02:00:01.365-06:00Punctuation: Period<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GMNQvn0Ex_0/VVly_Mpzo-I/AAAAAAAAC44/ttPt0n59pKc/s1600/punctuation_period_2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GMNQvn0Ex_0/VVly_Mpzo-I/AAAAAAAAC44/ttPt0n59pKc/s1600/punctuation_period_2.png" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></span></h2>
<h2 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Punctuation<span style="background-color: white;">: </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Period</span></span></span></span> </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>From <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vlcOAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Manual of Style</a> by University of Chicago Press</i></span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>:</i></span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;">A <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>period</b></span> is used to indicate the <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>end of a complete sentence</b></span>.</span></blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">I. Put a period <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">after most abbreviations</span>.</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Macmillan & Co., Mr. Smith, St. Paul, No. 1, Chas., <span style="font-style: italic;">ibid.</span><span style="font-style: italic;"></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A. <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Treat the
metric symbols as abbreviations</span>:</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">10 mm.</span> </div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">B. <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Exceptions</span>:</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
1. <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>Do not use</b></span> periods <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>with</b> <b>the chemical symbols</b></span>, nor the
phrase “per cent.” </blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">O, Fe; 2 per cent</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
2. <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>Do not use</b></span> a period, in technical matter, <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>after the recognized abbreviations for epochs</b></span><span class="gtxt_body">: </span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="gtxt_body"><span>AD <span style="font-size: small;">(Anno Domini)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="gtxt_body"><span>BC <span style="font-size: small;">(Before Christ)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="gtxt_body"><span>CE <span style="font-size: small;">(Common Era)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="gtxt_body"><span>BCE <span style="font-size: small;">(Before Common Era)</span></span> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="gtxt_body">IE <span style="font-size: small;">(Indo-European)</span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="gtxt_body">OE <span style="font-size: small;">(Old
English)</span></span></span> </div>
</blockquote>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">II. <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Use no period after Roman numerals</span>.</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="gtxt_body" style="text-indent: 1em;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Vol. IV</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
A. This is true <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">even when Roman numerals have the value of ordinals</span>:
</h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="gtxt_body" style="text-indent: 1em;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Louis XVI was on the throne.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
B. <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Exception</span>: </h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Roman numerals <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>used in an outline</b></span> are followed by a period. </div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gtxt_body">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">III. When using <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">quotation marks</span>, the <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">period is placed inside</span>.</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></h3>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Please read Tennyson</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">’s “In Memoriam.”</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Sylvie said, </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">“It</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">’s raining</span>.”</span></div>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="gtxt_body">
</div>
</blockquote>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">IV. When <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">using parentheses</span>, the period is placed <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">according to use</span>. </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"> </span></h3>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
A. Place the period <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">inside the parentheses</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
when the matter enclosed is an <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>independent sentence</b></span> and forms no part of the preceding sentence:</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">John dropped the hammer on his toe. (It hurt badly.)</span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
B. Place
the period <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">outside the parentheses</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
when the matter enclosed is an
independent sentence is <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>part of the preceding sentence</b></span>. </div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Fried sweets are tempting (for instance, doughnuts).</span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="gtxt_body">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#writing
#composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #grammar
#punctuation #period </span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-64845531892571724862015-05-11T02:00:00.000-06:002015-05-11T02:00:02.626-06:00Punctuation: Names of marks<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Fc2dgNoqwQY/VVAu9moQYII/AAAAAAAAC4c/C7C_HSLhB-U/s1600/punctuation_names-of-marks-2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Fc2dgNoqwQY/VVAu9moQYII/AAAAAAAAC4c/C7C_HSLhB-U/s1600/punctuation_names-of-marks-2.png" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></span></h2>
<h2 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Punctuation<span style="background-color: white;">: </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Names of marks</span></span></span></span> </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>From <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0RAAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Why We Punctuate</a> by</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i> </i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>William Livingston Klein and</i></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i> <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IyJWAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">English Grammar; Punctuation and Capitalization; Letter Writing</a> published by The International Textbook Company:</i></span></span></i></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: small; font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>names of the principal marks</b></span> were given to them by the Greek grammarians. The name of each mark <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>is the</b> <b>name of the group of words</b> <b>with which the mark was used</b></span>.</span> </blockquote>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-style: italic;"></span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">I. <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Period (.)</span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">John went home.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>period</b></span> (<i>periodos</i>, “<span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>a way around</b></span>”) marked a<b> <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">complete circuit
of words</span></b>, and the picture in the word is the <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>circular
track of a race course</b></span>.The group of words which we call a <span style="font-style: italic;">sentence, </span>the <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>Greeks called a </b></span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>period</b></span>. </span>They
arbitrarily <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>marked its end by a dot</b></span>, and called the dot also a “period.” We retain the name of the mark.</blockquote>
<br />
<div class="gtxt_body">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">II. <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Colon (:)</span></span></h3>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="gtxt_body" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">John took with him his tools: hammer, saw, level.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="gtxt_body">
The <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>colon</b></span> (<i>kolon</i>, “<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>a limb</b></span>,” “<span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>half of a race course</b></span>”) was <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>one of
two main divisions</b></span> of a long compound sentence. From the part or
division the<b> </b>name was transferred to the <i>mark </i>used in indicating the divisions. We
retain the name of the mark in our word <i>colon</i>.</div>
</blockquote>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">III. <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Semicolon (;)</span></span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"> </span></h3>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">John dropped the hammer on his toe; it hurt badly.</span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>semicolon</b></span><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span>is a mark of later date; and, as its name implies, it <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>falls between the comma and the colon in its character and use</b></span>. Strictly, the semicolon should be used in separating a sentence into <i>fourths</i>;
but, for obvious reasons, no such limitation is possible. It <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>indicates
a degree of separation less than that made by the colon</b></span>, but only in
name, not in reality, is it a <i>half-colon.</i> </blockquote>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">IV. <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Comma (,)</span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">John hopped, howled, cried, and cursed.</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="gtxt_body">
The <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>comma</b></span> (<i>komma</i>, “<span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>a segment</b></span>;” <i>koptein, </i>“<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>to cut</b></span>”) denotes the <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>shortest separation in ideas or construction between sentence elements</b></span>.</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="gtxt_body">
<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">IV. <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Question mark (?)</span></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Had John broken his toe?</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="gtxt_body">
The <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>question mark</b></span> is said to have been <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>made from the initial and final letters of the Latin word <i>Questio</i></b></span>, the <i>Q</i> being written above the <i>o</i>; thus, </div>
</div>
</blockquote>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--osqkVSSZhQ/VVAiSqPky8I/AAAAAAAAC4M/21PSw1XmX3U/s1600/question-mark.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--osqkVSSZhQ/VVAiSqPky8I/AAAAAAAAC4M/21PSw1XmX3U/s1600/question-mark.png" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">V. <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Exclamation mark (!)</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">John had broken his toe!</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="gtxt_body">
<div class="western">
</div>
The <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>exclamation mark</b></span> is believed to have been <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>formed from the letters of the Latin interjection <i>io</i></b></span>, expressing <i>joy</i>; thus, </div>
</blockquote>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VtlcTrEt1NM/VVAiM3h3b6I/AAAAAAAAC4E/5SwUiGDInM0/s1600/exclamation-mark.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VtlcTrEt1NM/VVAiM3h3b6I/AAAAAAAAC4E/5SwUiGDInM0/s1600/exclamation-mark.png" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #grammar #punctuation #period #colon #semicolon #comma #questionmark #exclamationmark</span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-36456254000150003952015-05-04T02:00:00.000-06:002015-05-04T02:00:01.886-06:00Punctuation is used to group words<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kpyfgTLzCwM/VUcAQQl6RQI/AAAAAAAAC3k/6OOki_NirnQ/s1600/punctuation_grouping_2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="in-nuce.com" border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kpyfgTLzCwM/VUcAQQl6RQI/AAAAAAAAC3k/6OOki_NirnQ/s1600/punctuation_grouping_2.png" title="in-nuce.com punctuation groups" /></a></div>
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</div>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></span></h2>
<h2 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Punctuation is used to group words.</span></span></span> </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>From <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0RAAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Why We Punctuate</a> by</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i> </i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>William Livingston Klein</i></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: small; font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;">:</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>fundamental purpose of punctuation</b></span> is to use marks to <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>group words</b></span>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">I. <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Meaning depends on grouping</span>.</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">John has gone home.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>meaning of language
depends very largely upon the groupings of its words</b></span>. In very simple
language, words are so placed that each word is related to a word or
words immediately or closely following or preceding it. In such language
the reader is hardly conscious that the words are grouped, except into
sentences; and no mark may be required, except the end-mark.</blockquote>
<br />
<div class="gtxt_body">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">II. <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">Grouping clarifies</span> when there is <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">more than one possible meaning</span>.</span></h3>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="gtxt_body" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">The prisoner said the witness was a convicted thief.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div class="gtxt_body" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">vs</span>.</span> </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="gtxt_body" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">The prisoner<span style="background-color: white;">,</span> said the witness<span style="background-color: white;">,</span> was a convicted thief.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="gtxt_body">
In more complex
language the grouping within the sentence becomes manifest to the
reader, and two constructions and <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>two meanings of the language often
become possible</b></span>. In order to notify the reader which meaning the
language is intended to convey, the writer may <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>use a punctuation mark to flag the
point where the meaning may be mistaken</b></span>. The reader notes the flag and thus <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>keeps on the right line of thought-development.</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b> </b></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">III. <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">When to use a mark</span>, and <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">what mark to use</span>, are determined by <span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">convention</span> </span>or by <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>reason</i></span><span style="font-style: italic;">.</span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="gtxt_body">
In the <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>absence of marks</b></span>, the relationship between words are either <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>easily mistaken</b></span> or not quickly understood.</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="gtxt_body">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Mr. Smith came to the city in 1985 and moved into the house at 1985 Wabash Avenue. He brought with him 1,985 horses, valued at $198, 500.00.</span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
How does punctuation enable the reader to obtain the meaning at one point in the above sentences, and so to group the language (figures) at another point that he can apprehend the meaning at a glance?</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A. <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Convention</span></span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Because of <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b><i>convention</i> (well-nigh universal usage)</b></span>, the above <span style="font-style: italic;">date </span>and <span style="font-style: italic;">street </span>numbers are read <span style="font-style: italic;">nineteen </span><span style="font-style: italic;">hundred eigh</span><span style="font-style: italic;">ty-five</span><span style="font-style: italic;">.</span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
In the fourth number in our example above we <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>use a comma to do one
grouping</b></span>, and a <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>period to make another (the cents) group</b></span>. We call the
use of the period in this number <span style="font-style: italic;">conventional </span>punctuation.<span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">B. <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">Reason</span></span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
But the same number in the next sentence is read <span style="font-style: italic;">one </span><span style="font-style: italic;">thousand nine</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic;">hundred </span><span style="font-style: italic;">eighty-five.</span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
As we all know, <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>in arithmetical notation three figures form a group</b></span>, the groups so formed being named <span style="font-style: italic;">units, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">thou</span><span class="gtxt_body"><span style="font-style: italic;">sands, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">millions, </span>etc. It is therefore evident that, in reading a number containing two or more such groups, the <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>eye will be aided if the groups are indicated by some mark</b></span>. (We here use the comma and the period for this purpose.) Although the left-hand group of a number may not be full, a figure in that group takes the name of the group, and so we mark it off. Thus we use commas in two of the numbers in our example, one of which (1,985) has only one figure in the second (thousand) group. This we call <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>punctuation by <i>reason</i>, for we thus point off natural groups</b></span>. </span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
We do not use the comma to group the figures in the same number (1985) used in two other places in the above example. Because date and street numbers of four figures are read in groups of two figures each the eye readily does the grouping, and a mark is not needed as an aid in the grouping. This is also punctuation by <i>reason</i>.</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">C. <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Our problem</span></span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Our problem is to <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>find a reason for the use of every punctuation mark</b></span>, and to be ready to point out what seems to us good conventional usage in punctuation for which we can find no reason.</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #grammar #punctuation</span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-56811121193966398892015-04-27T02:00:00.000-06:002015-04-27T02:00:15.420-06:00Punctuation: Revealing meaning<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></span></h2>
<h2 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Punctuation</span><span style="background-color: white;">: <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Revealing meaning</span></span></span></span> </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>From <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0RAAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Why We Punctuate</a> by</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i> </i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>William Livingston Klein and <span id="goog_2035744762"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/">Handbook for Newspaper Workers<span id="goog_2035744763"></span></a> by Grant Milnor Hyde</i></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>:</i></span></span></span></i></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></h3>
<div class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PA330"></a>
</div>
<h3>
</h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;">A <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>mark of punctuation</b></span> is used because it has a meaning and <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>serves a useful purpose</b></span> in written language.</span></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></h3>
<div class="western">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">I. The <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">function of marks is twofold</span>:</span></h3>
</div>
<div class="western">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A. <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">To reveal the <span style="font-style: italic;">real </span>meaning</span> of written language.
</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Do not use a <span class="gstxt_hlt">punctuation </span>mark unless you see a <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>logical reason for it</b></span>. Consider each case logically and <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b><span style="font-style: italic;">have </span><span style="font-style: italic;">a </span><span style="font-style: italic;">reason </span><span style="font-style: italic;">for </span><span style="font-style: italic;">every </span><span style="font-style: italic;">mark </span><span style="font-style: italic;">you </span></b></span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>use</b></span>. </span>Be ready to defend your usage. </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="gtxt_body gtxt_lineated">
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 class="gtxt_body gtxt_lineated" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">B. <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">To reveal such meaning <span style="font-style: italic;">at </span><span style="font-style: italic;">a </span></span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">glance</span>.</span></span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="gstxt_hlt">Punctuation </span>was <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>invented to make writing clear and easy to read</b></span>. Use marks enough to insure clearness — and no more. </blockquote>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">II. <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Marks perform this function in three ways</span>: </span></h3>
<div class="gtxt_body gtxt_lineated" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A. By <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">breaking up apparent groups of words</span>, which readily form themselves into new groups.</span></h3>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
Marks are <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>used
to separate entire sentences</b></span>; these include the <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>period</b></span>, the <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>ques</b></span><span class="gtxt_body"><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>tion
mark</b></span>, the <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>exclamation mark</b></span>, the <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>colon</b></span> at the end of an introductory
sentence, and the <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>quotation mark</b></span> when concerned with entire sentences</span>.</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Now you may go. Come back later. </span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="western">
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">B. By <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">showing the relations between groups</span>.</span></h3>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
M<span class="gtxt_body">arks are <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>used with individual words, parts of words, or figures</b></span>; these
include certain uses of the <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>colon</b></span>, certain uses of the <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>period</b></span>, the uses
of the <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>hyphen</b></span>, the uses of the <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>apostrophe</b></span>, and some of the uses of
<span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>quotation marks</b></span>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Vegetables are good for you: kale, spinach, carrots, beets. </span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">C. By <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">characterizing a group of words</span>.</span></h3>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="gtxt_body">
<span class="gtxt_body"> Marks are used to <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>separate parts of sentences</b></span>; these include the <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>comma</b></span>
and <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>semicolon</b></span> in all their uses and the <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>dash</b></span> in most of its uses</span>.</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="gtxt_body">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Boys<i>, </i>like men<i>,</i> may be courageous for principle's sake.</span> </div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #grammar #punctuation</span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-89345634496577989532015-04-20T02:00:00.000-06:002015-04-20T02:00:14.308-06:00Faulty idiom: Wrong word combination<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></span></h2>
<h2 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Faulty idiom</span><span style="background-color: white;">: <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Wrong word combination</span></span></span></span> </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K88SAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Everyday Uses of<span style="font-family: inherit;"> E<span style="font-family: inherit;">nglish</span></span></a></span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i> </i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>Maurice Harley Weseen and </i></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j_01AQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">The C<span style="font-family: inherit;">en<span style="font-family: inherit;">tury Handbook of Writing</span></span></a></span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i> Garland Greever:</i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i></i></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></h3>
<div class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PA330"></a>
</div>
<h3>
</h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;">A <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>faulty idiom</b></span> is an expression which, though
correct in grammar and general meaning, <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>combines words in a manner
contrary to usage</b></span>.
</span></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></h3>
<div class="western">
<br /></div>
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">I. <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Some words go well together and others do not</span>.</span></h3>
<div class="western" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">“I <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><i>enjoy reading</i></span>.” </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
In selecting words with a view to their accuracy, we must <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>take into
account the fact that some words naturally go well together and some
others do not</b></span>. Our words may be entirely correct from the point of
view of their individual meanings and of their individual suitability
to the occasion before us and yet not be acceptable because they <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>do
not combine in accordance with generally recognized usage</b></span>. “I enjoy to read” is wrong, <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>not
because the words offend logic or grammar, but merely because people
do not instinctively make that combination of words</b></span>. “I like to
read” and “I enjoy reading” are good idioms. </div>
</blockquote>
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">II. Idioms are <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">established by custom rather than logic</span>.</span></h3>
<div class="western" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">“My house is <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><i>different from</i></span> yours.” </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
It is <b><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">difficult to explain by grammar or logic why
one word combination is accepted and another is not</span></b>.
Grammar or logic can never furnish an adequate explanation of this
fact. Of two forms, equally justifiable by all rules of grammar, we
instinctively accept the one and reject the other. It is this
<span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>unscientific nature of the idiom which makes it so difficult to deal
with</b></span>. If a man says, “I done it as good as I could,” we can
explain his errors to him in a very definite way and we can justify
our corrections by an appeal to very definite grammatical rules. But
if he says, “My house is different than yours,” rather than “My house is different from yours,” the task of
explaining his error is much more difficult. In the latter case our
criticism is not that he has violated any specific grammatical rule
but that he has committed an offense against good idiomatic English.
His <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>usage is not in conformity with the particular phraseology which
has received general recognition by knowledgeable users of the
language</b></span>. He displays a lack of appreciation of the spirit of
English. </div>
</blockquote>
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PA256"></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">III. Violations result from the <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">incorrect use of prepositions</span>. </span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Many violations of English
idiom result, as in the examples given above, from an incorrect use
of prepositions. The<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b> incorrect combination “different than” is probably the
most common of all of these violations</b></span>. It needs to be guarded
against with special care, particularly when the two words <i>different
</i>and <i>from </i>are separated by intervening words. To make a
list of English idioms would be equivalent to making a new
dictionary. The following examples are intended only to represent
some types of <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>everyday idioms which everyone should master</b></span>: </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="page-break-before: always; width: 665px;">
<colgroup><col width="168"></col>
<col width="497"></col>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0in;" width="168">
<div class="western">
abandoned to
</div>
<div class="western">
abhorrence of
</div>
<div class="western">
abide with
</div>
<div class="western">
abound in
</div>
<div class="western">
abstain from
</div>
<div class="western">
accede to
</div>
<div class="western">
access to
</div>
<div class="western">
accordance with
</div>
<div class="western">
acquainted with
</div>
<div class="western">
acquitted of
</div>
<div class="western">
adapted to
</div>
<div class="western">
admit of
</div>
<div class="western">
agreeable to
</div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in;" width="497">
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He was abandoned to
his fate.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
His abhorrence of
cruelty is marked.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
John abides with his
parents.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
That house abounds
in doors.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He abstains from
smoking.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
They finally acceded
to our wishes.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He has access to all
meetings.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
This is in
accordance with your request.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
I am well acquainted
with him.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He was acquitted of
the crime.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Some are not adapted
to office work.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The plan admits of
no compromise.</div>
<div class="western">
Your terms are agreeable to me.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in;" width="168">
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
angry with
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
apology for
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
approve of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
attitude toward
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
averse to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
bargain for
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
bereaved of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
bestow upon
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
boast of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
border upon
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
capable of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
coincide with
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
commit to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
comply with
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
conducive to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
confidence in
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
connect with
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
conscious of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
consign to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
consult with
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
contrary to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
convince of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
decide upon
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
defraud of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
desirous of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
desist from
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
devolve upon
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
different from
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
difficulty in
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
disapprove of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
dislike to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
dispense with
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
disposed to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
emerge from
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
encroach upon
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
endowed with
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
equivalent to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
estimated at
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
exception to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
expert in
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
expressive of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
familiar with
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
fearful of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
fondness for
</div>
<div class="western">
foreign to
</div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in;" width="497">
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
James is angry with
John.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He made no apology
for his conduct.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
I heartily approve
of your methods.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What is your
attitude toward disarmament?</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He is averse to
trying anything new.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
They bargained for
the whole stock.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Death bereaved him
of his best friend.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Gifts of great value
were bestowed upon him.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Some people boast of
trifles.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
That borders upon
the commonplace.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He is capable of
doing excellent work.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
His view coincides
with mine.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Commit your thoughts
to writing.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
We are glad to
comply with your request.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Such conduct is not
conducive to health.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
I have confidence in
his judgment.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
This house is
connected with the central station.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He was not conscious
of his error.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The goods were
consigned to you.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
You should consult
with a specialist.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
That is contrary to
our usual procedure.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Are you convinced of
his sincerity?</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
They decided upon
immediate action.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Jones was defrauded
of a fortune.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
We are desirous of
pleasing you.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Please desist from
your cutting remarks.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
It devolved upon me
to finish the job.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The Pacific is
different from the Atlantic.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you have
difficulty in writing correctly?</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
I disapprove of your
slovenly habits.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He has taken a
dislike to me.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
We could not
dispense with his services.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Smith is always
disposed to have his own way.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
They emerged from
the crisis.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Our territory is
being encroached upon.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He is endowed with
unusual vigor.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
That is equivalent
to a confession.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Their resources are
estimated at a million dollars.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He took exception to
our statements.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Are you expert in
letter writing?</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
His letter is
expressive of regret.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Jones is familiar
with contemporary novels.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
I am fearful of the
consequences.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He has a fondness
for reading.</div>
<div class="western">
That is foreign to the present subject.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in;" width="168">
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
free from
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
frown upon
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
glad of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
glance at
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
glow with
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
grateful to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
grieve at
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
guard against
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
hanker after
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
hinder from
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
impose upon
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
inconsistent with
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
independent of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
inferior to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
inseparable from
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
insist upon
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
interfere with
</div>
<div class="western">
intervene between
</div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in;" width="497">
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
No one of us is free
from faults.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Why frown upon all
things new?
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
We are glad of the
chance to serve you.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He merely glances at
the daily paper.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Praise makes one
glow with pride.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
We are grateful to
you for your letter.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Why grieve at every
loss?
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Guard against errors
of speech.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He hankers after
greater gains.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Nothing can hinder
him from succeeding.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do not impose upon
his good nature.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
This is inconsistent
with our general policy.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
We are independent
of any trust.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
These goods are
inferior to those.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Credits are
inseparable from collections.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Always insist upon
this brand.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Never interfere with
legitimate plans.
</div>
<div class="western">
What intervened between Monday and Friday?</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in;" width="168">
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
intrude upon
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
involved in
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
irritated by
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
jealous of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
jeer at
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
join with
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
known to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
liken to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
listen to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
made of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
meddle with
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
mistrustful of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
need of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
object to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
observant of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
offend against
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
opposite to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
partake of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
partial to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
participate in
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
patience with
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
permit of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
persevere in
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
pleased with
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
possessed of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
productive of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
profit by
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
prone to
</div>
<div class="western">
quarrel with
</div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in;" width="497">
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Don't intrude upon
busy men.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Smith is involved in
a great scheme.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He is irritated by
every interruption.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
It is foolish to be
jealous of anyone.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Jeering at others
never pays.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Will you join with
us on this occasion?</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He is well known to
us.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
One might liken him
to Napoleon.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Listen to good
advice.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
This box is made of
wood.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do not meddle with
the affairs of others.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
I am mistrustful of
his honesty.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The house is in need
of repairs.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you object to
long letters?</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He is observant of
every detail.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Some words offend
against good taste.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
His view is opposite
to mine.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
We shall all partake
of the profits.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Jones is partial to
the block form.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What games do you
participate in?</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
I have no patience
with such manners.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
That permits of two
interpretations.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Persevere in your
work and you will succeed.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
We were well pleased
with your offer.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He is possessed of a
large estate.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Dishonesty is
productive of serious results.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
We can profit by the
experience of others.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Many people are
prone to put off their work.</div>
<div class="western">
I have no quarrel with him.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in;" width="168">
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
refrain from
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
regard for
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
rely upon
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
remit to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
repent of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
resemblance to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
resolve upon
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
save from
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
seek for
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
seize upon
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
sensible of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
significant of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
sorry for
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
suitable for
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
superior to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
surprised at
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
suspected of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
sympathize with
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
taste for
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
think of</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
tired of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
touch upon
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
true to
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
unite with
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
useful for
</div>
<div class="western">
view of
</div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in;" width="497">
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
It is well to
refrain from fault finding.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He has no regard for
propriety.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
You can rely upon
his statement.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Please remit to this
office.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Some day he will
repent of his sins.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
This letter has much
resemblance to that.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What course have you
resolved upon?</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Very little was
saved from the wreck.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Jones is seeking for
a better position.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Seize upon this
opportunity!</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He is sensible of
his defects.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
This report is
significant of many things.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
I feel sorry for
him.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Your letter is not
suitable for the occasion.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The colonel is
superior to the captain.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He was surprised at
my silence.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
To be suspected of
theft must be disagreeable.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
I can sympathize
with poor speakers.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He has no taste for
drama.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
John thinks only of
money.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The world is tired
of war.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The speaker touched
upon several subjects.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Be true to your
ideal.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Will you unite with
us in this endeavor?
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
This tool is useful
for many purposes.
</div>
<div class="western">
In view of the circumstances, we cancel the
order.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in;" width="168">
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
void of</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
want of</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
witness of</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
worthy of</div>
<div class="western">
yield to
</div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in;" width="497">
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He seems to be void
of common sense.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
For want of
reserves, they went bankrupt.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
I was a witness of
the collision.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He is not worthy of
the honor.
</div>
<div class="western">
He will not yield to the demands.
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<br />
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/04/solecism-bad-syntax-or-bad-idiom.html" target="_blank">Previous</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> Next</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"> #writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #grammar #idiom</span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-74187216550053094632015-04-13T02:00:00.000-06:002015-04-13T02:00:03.293-06:00Solecism: Bad syntax or bad idiom<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hm_N-36hb1Q/VSnUZjOTwEI/AAAAAAAAC2Y/2pfUpljTt3w/s1600/solecism_3.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hm_N-36hb1Q/VSnUZjOTwEI/AAAAAAAAC2Y/2pfUpljTt3w/s1600/solecism_3.png" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></span></h2>
<h2 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Solecism</span><span style="background-color: white;">: <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Bad syntax or bad idiom</span></span></span></span> </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BW8CAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">A Hig<span style="font-family: inherit;">her E<span style="font-family: inherit;">nglish Grammar</span></span></a></span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i> </i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>Alexander Bain</i></span><i>.</i></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></h3>
<div class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PA330"></a><i></i>
</div>
<h3>
</h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>Incorrectly constructed sentences</b></span> are called <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>solecisms</b></span>. </span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">I. <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Bad syntax / grammar</span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">My father, my mother, and <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>myself</i></span> live in Seattle.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Here the speaker or writer incorrectly uses a reflexive pronoun rather than the correct subjective pronoun: “<span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>My father, my mother, and <i>I</i> live in Seattle</b></span>.” </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">High school students <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>are</i> <i>done good</i> </span><i><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">by</span> </i>having to take three years of science.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
There is an error in the tense of the verb “done,” and in the use of the adjective “good” to modify it. This sentence should read, “<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>High school students<i> </i><i>benefit from</i> having to take three years of science</b></span>.” </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">This car <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><i>needs washed</i></span>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The being verb has been omitted: “<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>This car <i>needs to be washed</i></b></span>.” </blockquote>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">II. <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Violation of idiom</span></span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: white;">There may be solecisms that are <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>grammatically correct</b></span><b>, but</b> </span>they are <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>violations of idiom</b></span>.<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">I <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>have</i></span> hunger.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
If we say “I have hunger,” we do not commit
bad grammar; still <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>the combination is not English, it is French</b></span>. </blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">He was <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>acquitted to</i></span> the crime.</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“He was acquitted to the crime” is not according to idiom. The sentence should read, “<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>He was <i>acquitted of</i> the crime</b></span>.”</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">We are <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><i>glad for</i></span> the chance to serve you.</span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
This is not according to idiom. The sentence should read, “<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>We are <i>glad of</i> the chance to serve you</b></span>.”</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Violation of idiom becomes <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>harder to recognize</b></span> when living in an area where the <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>violation has become the regional norm</b></span>. </blockquote>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/03/tautology-needless-repetition.html" target="_blank">Previous</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> Next</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"> #writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #grammar #solecism #idiom</span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-11733040840544262472015-04-04T22:28:00.000-06:002015-04-04T22:28:37.119-06:00Happy Easter<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">From <a href="http://webstersdictionary1828.com/" target="_blank">Webster's 1828 dictionary</a>:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">RAN'SOM</span>, v.t.</span></h2>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
1. To <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">redeem from captivity</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
or punishment by <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>paying an equivalent</b></span>; applied to persons; as, to ransom prisoners from an enemy.</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
2. To <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">redeem from the possession of an enemy</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
by <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">paying a price deemed equivalent</span>; applied to goods or property.</blockquote>
<br /><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><u>#holiday #Easter</u></span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-13181277001805270102015-03-30T13:47:00.000-06:002015-04-13T11:20:58.868-06:00Tautology: Needless repetition<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></span></h2>
<h2 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Tautology</span><span style="background-color: white;">: <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Needless repetition</span></span></span></span> </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?output=text&id=poVjAAAAIAAJ&jtp=66" target="_blank">English Composition and Rhetoric</a></span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i> </i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>Alexander Bain</i></span><i>.</i></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">I. <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Synonymous words and phrases</span></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>Tautology</b></span> means the <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>repetition, often needless, of the same sense in different
words</b></span>.</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;">“In the Attic commonwealth, it was the <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><i>
privilege</i></span> and <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><i>birthright</i></span> of every citizen and poet, to rail aloud and in
public.</span><span style="font-size: large;">”</span> —<span style="font-size: x-small;">Swift</span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>meaning is the same</b></span> as, <span style="font-size: small;">“</span>it was the privilege of every
citizen to rail in public.<span style="font-size: small;">”</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
In another example from Addison:</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">“</span>The <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i>dawn is overcast</i></span>; the <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i>morning lowers</i></span>, And <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i>heavily in clouds</i> <i>brings on the day</i></span>.</span><span style="font-size: large;">”</span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
These three clauses <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>all express the same fact</b></span>.</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">II. <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Normally to be avoided</span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Often tautologies <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>simply reflect sloppiness of style</b></span>. It
is desirable to avoid such tautologies as the <span style="font-size: small;">“</span>standard pattern,<span style="font-size: small;">”</span> the <span style="font-size: small;">“</span>verdant green,<span style="font-size: small;">”</span> <span style="font-size: small;">“</span>some few<span style="font-size: small;">,” and other <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>redundancies that add words but no new meaning</b></span>.</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
In the same way, <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>excess of
inflection is a type of grammatical tautology</b></span> to be avoided: as <span style="font-size: small;">“</span>chiefest,<span style="font-size: small;">”</span> <span style="font-size: small;">“</span>extremest,<span style="font-size: small;">”</span> <span style="font-size: small;">“</span>worser,<span style="font-size: small;">” </span><span style="font-size: small;">“</span> most highest.<span style="font-size: small;">”</span></blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">III. <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Can be used intentionally</span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A. Use <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">when one word does not express the full sense</span> intended. </span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>No
two words are exactly synonymous</b></span> for all purposes; one has a shade that
the other wants, and it<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"> <b>may take the intentional use both to give the whole meaning</b></span>. Hence
we are accustomed to such phrases as <span style="font-size: small;">“</span>ways and means,<span style="font-size: small;">”</span> <span style="font-size: small;">“</span>passing and
transitory,<span style="font-size: small;">”</span> <span style="font-size: small;">“</span>subject-matter.<span style="font-size: small;">”</span> In legal documents synonymous words are
joined for the sake of <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>exhaustive completeness</b></span>. When Wordsworth couples <span style="font-size: small;">“</span>the vision and the faculty divine,<span style="font-size: small;">”</span> he intends that the two phrases,
which are nearly alike, should <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>unfold between them a greater amount of
meaning</b></span> than either conveys. </blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">B. Use <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">for the sake of greater emphasis</span>. </span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Good
exposition requires that the <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>main subject should be distinguished from
the subordinate parts</b></span>. This is effected, among other ways, by intentionally <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>dwelling
longer upon it</b></span>. In that case, repetition by means of equivalent phrases may be resorted to. <span style="font-size: small;">“</span>The head and front of his offending<span style="font-size: small;">”</span> <span style="font-size: small;">“</span>the
end and design.<span style="font-size: small;">”</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">C. Use <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">to reflect strong passion</span>.</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Chatham's
famous address abounds in tautologies, but they work because they are <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>used intentionally to stir the emotions</b></span> of his audience.</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;">“I
am <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><i>astonished</i></span>, I am <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><i>shocked</i></span>, to <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="background-color: white;">hear</span><i> such principles confessed</i></span>; to hear <i>
<span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">them avowed</span> </i>in this house and in this country.” </span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Affection and admiration may lead to similar intentional repetitions.</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/03/brevity-virtue.html" target="_blank">Previous</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/04/solecism-bad-syntax-or-bad-idiom.html" target="_blank">Next</a></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#rhetoric
#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #figurativelanguage
#figuresofspeech #literarydevices #tautology #repetition</span></span></div>
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Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-42099148568556456992015-03-16T02:00:00.000-06:002015-03-30T14:40:07.380-06:00Brevity: A virtue<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></span></h2>
<h2 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Brevity</span><span style="background-color: white;">: <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">A virtue</span></span></span></span> </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?output=text&id=poVjAAAAIAAJ&jtp=66" target="_blank">English Composition and Rhetoric</a></span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i> </i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>Alexander Bain</i></span><i>.</i></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="background: transparent;">Figures
of speech all <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>contribute to a greater effectiveness of style</b></span>. They
either <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>present a thought more vividly to the intellect</b></span>, or <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>operate
more powerfully upon the feelings</b></span>.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<br /></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="background: transparent;">Brevity has the same object in
view as figures. It<b> <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">concerns the number of words</span></b><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"> <b>used</b></span>, on the principle of</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-size: large;">attaining the <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>desired end at the smallest cost</i></span>.</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">I. <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Brevity is a virtue of language</span> </span></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"></span></span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>Every word uttered taxes the attention</b></span> and occupies a space in the thoughts. Therefore, <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>when words are used only as instruments, they should be compressed</b></span> into the smallest compass consistent with the adequate expression of the meaning.</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;">“<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><i>Veni, vide, vici.</i></span>”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span>—<span style="font-size: x-small;">Caesar (“I came, I saw, I conquered.”)</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div class="western">
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">II. <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Sources of brevity</span></span>
</h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">A. <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Selection of the most apt words</span></span> </h3>
</blockquote>
<div class="western">
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
For the selection of words<b> <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">no precise rules can be
given</span></b>. The effect, on trial, will show <b>what answers the purpose</b> of
conveying much meaning in a small compass.</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">B. <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Condensed grammatical structure</span></span></span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
There are <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>certain constructions favorable to
brevity</b></span>. Try using</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
1. a <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">participle<span style="background-color: white;"> instead of a <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">clause with a
finite verb</span>;</span></span></h3>
</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i>Prepared</i></span> students do well on tests.</span><br />(<span style="font-size: x-small;">rather than,</span> <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><i>Students</i> <i>should</i> <i>prepare themselves</i></span> to do well on tests.)</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
2. <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">apposition</span> instead of <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">connectives</span>;</h3>
</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;">Constance, <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><i>president of the club</i></span>, ordered pizza for everyone.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br />(<span style="font-size: x-small;">rather than,</span> Constance <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>is</i></span> the president of the club, <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>and</i></span> she ordered pizza for everyone.)</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
3.<b> </b><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">adjectives</span> for <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">adjective clauses</span>;</h3>
</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Organic</span> s</i>trawberries are expensive.</span><br />(<span style="font-size: x-small;">rather than,</span> Strawberries <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>that are grown organically</i></span> are expensive.)</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
4. The <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">phrase made up of preposition and noun</span>, with or without an
adjective</h3>
</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: large; font-style: normal;">“</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><i>The might</i> <i>of</i> </span><i><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">the strongest</span> </i>is undisputed.”</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
5. The <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">contracted</span> and the <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">condensed sentence</span>.</h3>
</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><i>That's</i></span> the craziest thing <i><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">I've</span> </i>ever heard.</span> </blockquote>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">You're sillier</span>.<span style="font-size: x-small;"> (than I am silly)</span></span><br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq ">
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">C. <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Use of figures</span></span></h3>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
Use of some kinds of <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>figurative speech may contribute to brevity</b></span>. </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
Pitt’s defense of the rotten burgh system was,</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;">“Their
amputation would be death” (to the country).</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
Curran’s saying on
Irish liberty is equally terse:</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;">“I sat at her cradle, I followed
her hearse.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>The proverb, or aphorism, is a condensed
expression of a truth</b></span>, generally embodying an epigram, or a balanced
structure:</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;">“Least said, soonest mended.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">III. Brevity has to be sought <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">without sacrificing meaning or intent</span>.</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
There are<b> <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">occasions when the desired effects of
style are gained by diffuseness</span></b>. For example, an explanation
must be suited in length to the state of mind of the persons
addressed, while things well known are recalled by brief allusion. In
working up the feelings, a certain length of time is requisite, which
the orator and poet know how to adjust. Again, in suiting the sound
to the sense, a polysyllabic word, or a lengthened clause, may be
required. Thus the long word <i>stupendous </i>better corresponds
with a state of intense astonishment than the monosyllable <i>vast;
magnificent </i>is more powerful than <i>grand. </i>The high sounding
word <i>ambassador </i>suits a dignified functionary; while we often
express contempt by a curt appellation, as a flirt, a fop, a sot, a
thief, bosh.
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
It is a <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>general rule that an excess of the
connecting parts of speech</b></span>—as pronouns and conjunctions—<span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>enfeebles
the style</b></span>. Yet emphasis sometimes requires their multiplication, as
in the words Milton:</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;">“Seasons return, but not to me returns <br />Day,
<i>or </i>the sweet approach of even <i>or </i>morn,<br /><i>Or </i>sight
of vernal bloom <i>or </i>summer's rose, <br /><i>Or </i>flocks <i>or
</i>herds, <i>or </i>human face divine.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="western">
<a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/03/paronomasia-very-punny.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;">Previous</span></a><span style="font-size: small;"> <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/03/tautology-needless-repetition.html" target="_blank"> Next</a></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#rhetoric
#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #figurativelanguage
#figuresofspeech #literarydevices #brevity</span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-78499997631649767492015-03-09T00:26:00.000-06:002015-03-30T14:38:54.174-06:00Paronomasia: Very punny<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_d870knyG5Q/VP085pYkmTI/AAAAAAAAC0o/2FJjzZfuTtE/s1600/paronomasia_4.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_d870knyG5Q/VP085pYkmTI/AAAAAAAAC0o/2FJjzZfuTtE/s1600/paronomasia_4.png" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></span></h2>
<h2 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Paronomasia</span><span style="background-color: white;">: <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Very punny</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"></span></span></span></span> </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqcCAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Elements of Rhetoric</a></span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i> </span></span><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;">James de Mille</span></i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>; </i></span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFELAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank"><i>The Outlines of Rhetoric for Schools and Colleges</i></a><span style="font-style: normal;">,<i>
by <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Joseph Henry Gilmore</span></span></i></span><i>; <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG5LAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Paronomasia and Kindred Phenomena in the New Testament</a>, by Elbert Russell; <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1KkXAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Rhetoric</a>, by Erastus Otis Haven.</i></span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>Paronomasia</b></span> (Greek<i>, </i></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘to alter slightly in naming’</span>)
is a <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/09/figures-of-speech-deviate-from-ordinary.html" target="_blank">figure</a> in which <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>words</b><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b> used in close connection</b></span> are </span><b>similar in <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">sound, but not in sense</span></b></span>:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;">“A fratricidal struggle will be waged between those members who have <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>taken their back pay</i></span> and those members who have <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><i>sent their pay back</i></span>.</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;">”</span></span> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">— <i>The Nation</i></span></blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></h3>
<div class="western">
<div class="gtxt_body" style="margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
</div>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">I. <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Words as playthings</span> </span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Through the ages people have used words as playthings, like
rattles and tin pans, to make <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>rhythmical noises</b></span> or, like blocks,
to build <b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">fantastic sound structures</span>.</b> This delight in <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>sound
combinations</b></span> lingers and permeates mature language. </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;">“<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><i>Fortune</i></span> <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><i>foretuned</i></span> the dying notes of Rome,</span><span style="font-size: large;">Till
I thy <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>consul</i></span> <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><i>sole</i></span> <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>consoled</i></span> thy doom.</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;">”</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> — Dryden</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="western">
</div>
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
Paronomasia adds to the <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>literary effectiveness</b></span> of
a passage in a variety of ways:</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">A. <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2013/01/alliteration-prelude-to-poetry.html" target="_blank">Alliteration</a></span></span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Paronomasia may give<b> <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">variety</span> </b>and<b> <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">liveliness
through <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2013/03/alliteration-word-play.html" target="_blank">alliteration</a></span> </b>or<b> </b>irregular rhyme.</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;">“To <b>b</b>egirt the Almighty's throne, <br />
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><i><b>B</b>eseeching</i></span>
or <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><i><b>b</b>esieging</i></span>.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span>—<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Milton</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div class="western">
<br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">B. <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Resemblance</span> </span></span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Paronomasia may add a <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/british/gnomic" target="_blank">gnomic</a> effect through the <b><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">striking
resemblance of neighboring words</span></b>.</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;">“My Lord, I have remembrances of yours, <br />
Which
I have <i><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">longed</span> <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">long</span> </i>to re-deliver.”</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">—Shakespeare in </span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Hamlet</i></span></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;">“A little more than <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><i>kin</i></span>, and less than <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i>kind</i></span>… Not so, my lord, I am too much in the sun…</span><span style="font-size: large;">”</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">—Shakespeare in </span>
<br />
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Hamlet</i></span> </div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">C. <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Paradox</span> </span>
</h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
Paronomasia may give the <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>effect of paradox
through sound-similarities</b></span> of different words or through different
meanings of the same word.</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;">“Shame <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>soiled</i></span> thy song, and song <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/assoil" target="_blank"><i>assoiled</i></a></span> thy
shame.” </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> —Swinburne</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="western">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">D. <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/12/antithesis-comparison-based-on-contrast.html" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Antithesis</span></a> </span>
</h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
Paronomasia may be used to <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>enhance
an antithesis</b></span>.</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">“</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><i>Champagne</i></span> for my real friends and real <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i>pain</i></span> for my <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><i>sham</i></span> friends.</span><span style="font-size: large;">” </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">—attributed to Francis Bacon or Tom Waits</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">II. <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">Pun</span></span>
</h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">A. <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Pointed language</span></span> </h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
Pun is a kind of paronomasia<b> </b>that is <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>associated with wit and pointed
language</b></span>. The pun <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>consists in the use of a word in a double
sense</b></span>. It is regarded as a species of paronomasia, but
it differs from it in this respect, that the play of thought turns
more exclusively on the sense, while<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"> <b>in the paronomasia the
similarity in sound is the prominent characteristic</b></span>. An example of paronomasia as pun:</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;">“His death, which happened in his berth, <br />
At
forty odd befell; <br />
They went and <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><i>told</i></span> the sexton, and <br />
The
sexton <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i>toll’d</i></span> the bell.” </span>—<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Thomas Hood</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">One
of the best puns of this character in the language is seen in a
letter addressed by Benjamin Franklin in July, 1775, to a member of the
British Parliament who opposed the Americans. It was not intended to
excite laughter, or the emotion of the ludicrous, but in a
respectful, and yet severe way, to express opinions, and may be
regarded as<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b> illustrating sarcasm, which is a species of wit</b></span>. It was
as follows:</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white;">
</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="PA177"></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">“</span></span><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">mr.
Sthahan,—You </span></span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">are a
member of Parliament, and one of the majority which has doomed my
country to destruction. You have begun to burn oar towns and murder
our people. Look upon your hands! They are stained with the blood of
your relations! You and I were long friends. <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><i>You</i></span> are now my enemy—and
I am</span></span></span></div>
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</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Yours</span>,
</span></i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">B. </span><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">Franklin.
</span></span></span></span>
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</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">The <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>double
meaning</b></span> of “yours” is immediately perceived.</span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">B. <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Wit</span></span></h3>
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Puns abound in all languages. Many persons obtain
a great reputation for wits, founded only on the frequent use of
them. For example, one day <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0T0BAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">William Henry Curran</a> was walking with a friend who was
punctilious in the use of language. Hearing a person say ‘curosity’
for ‘curiosity,’ he exclaimed,</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“How that man <span style="background-color: white;">murders</span><i> </i>the
language!”<br />“Not quite <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><i>murders</i></span><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">”</span></span><i>
</i>replied Curran, “he only knocks an <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><i>i </i>(eye)</span> out.”</span></div>
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The
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>two meanings of the word pronounced “<i>i</i></b></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>,”</b></span>
</span>and the fanciful connection of knocking an eye out with
murder, constituted the expression a kind of <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>double pun</b></span>, and made the
reply truly witty.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/03/zeugma-one-word-used-in-more-than-one.html" target="_blank">Previous</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/03/brevity-virtue.html" target="_blank"> Next</a></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#rhetoric
#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #figurativelanguage
#figuresofspeech #literarydevices #paronomasia #pun #alliteration #antithesis</span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-54800971058692233202015-03-02T02:00:00.000-07:002015-03-09T00:27:59.041-06:00Zeugma: One word used in more than one sense<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Zeugma</span><span style="background-color: white;">: </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">One word used in more than one sense</span></span></span></span> </h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lbMIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&vq=zeugma&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=zeugma&f=false" target="_blank">English Composition</a></span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i> </span></span>W. Davidson</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>; </i></span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tq0VAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank"><i>The Might and Mirth of Literature</i></a><span style="font-style: normal;">,<i>
by <span style="font-family: inherit;">John Walker Vilant Macbeth</span></i></span></span>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>Zeugma</b></span> (Greek<i>, </i></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘a joining’</span>)
is a <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/09/figures-of-speech-deviate-from-ordinary.html" target="_blank">figure</a> of syntax in which <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>one word</b><span style="background-color: white;">, often a verb, </span><b>has the same grammatical relationship<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"> to two or more other words</span></b></span> in the sentence, but it is <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>used in a different sense at least one of the times</b></span>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">He <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><i>hit</i></span> the <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>bottle</i></span>, the <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>beach</i></span>, and <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>John</i></span>, in that order. </span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/alanismorissette/headoverfeet.html" target="_blank"></a></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="background: transparent;"></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">I. <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Different applications</span> </span></span></h3>
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<span style="background: transparent;">In zeugma, one of the <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>applications of the word may be </b></span></span><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>literal,</b></span></span><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b> and one of the applications may be </b></span></span><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>idiomatic or metaphorical</b></span></span></b></span>.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-zeugma.html" target="_blank"><i></i></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">“<span style="font-size: large;">You <i><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">held</span></i> your <i><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">breath</span></i> and the <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>door</i></span> for me.”</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">-- Alanis Morissette <a href="http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/alanismorissette/headoverfeet.html" target="_blank">lyric</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">II. <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Often humor is intended</span></span></h3>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background: transparent;">The <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>off-beat or unexpected dichotomy of connections</b></span> displayed in a zeugma may make us smile.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“She <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><i>looked</i></span> at the object <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><i>with</i></span> <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>suspicion</i></span> and a <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>magnifying glass</i></span>.”<span style="font-size: x-small;"> --Charles Dickens, <a href="http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-zeugma.html" target="_blank"><i>The Pickwick Papers</i></a></span></span></blockquote>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">III. <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Sometimes includes <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/01/rhetorical-devices-letter-from.html" target="_blank">parallelism</a> </span></span></h3>
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<span style="background: transparent;">Zeugma <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>lends itself to a balanced construction</b></span> which is pleasing to the ear.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">“</span>We must, indeed, all <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>hang</i></span> <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><i>together</i></span>, or assuredly we shall all <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>hang</i></span> <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><i>separately</i></span>.</span><span style="font-size: large;">”</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">--attributed to <a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" target="_blank">Benjamin Franklin</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">IV. <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Easily misconstrued</span> </span>
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Zeugma<i> </i>can be <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>rather a fault than a figure</b></span>. If the author is not intentional in his use of zeugma, <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2012/09/writing-dont-misplace-your-modifiers.html" target="_blank">misplaced modifiers</a> may make the meaning of the sentence nonsensical or unclear</b></span>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">She <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>dug</i></span> for <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>gold</i></span> and for <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>praise</i></span> <i><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">in the ground</span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"></span></i>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/02/polysyndeton-many-conjunctions.html" target="_blank">Previous</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/03/paronomasia-very-punny.html" target="_blank">Next</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#rhetoric
#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #figurativelanguage
#figuresofspeech #literarydevices #zeugma #grammar #misplacedmodifiers</span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-24979082393551300502015-02-23T02:00:00.000-07:002015-03-02T08:31:28.855-07:00Polysyndeton: Many conjunctions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Polysyndeton</span><span style="background-color: white;">: </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Many conjunctions</span></span></span></span> </h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPKUzUwwg70C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Rhetoric</a></span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i> </span></span>Thomas Gibbons</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>; </i></span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tq0VAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank"><i>The Might and Mirth of Literature</i></a><span style="font-style: normal;">,<i>
by <span style="font-family: inherit;">John Walker Vilant Macbeth</span></i></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">; <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFELAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">The Outlines of Rhetoric for Scho</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFELAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">ols and Colleges</a>, </span>by Joseph Henry Gilmore</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>Polysyndeton</b></span> (Greek <i>poly, </i></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘many,’ + </span><i><span style="font-size: large;"></span>syndetos, </i>‘bound together’)
is a <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/09/figures-of-speech-deviate-from-ordinary.html" target="_blank">figure</a> of rhetoric in which <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>conjunctions are repeated in close succession</b></span> for the sake of emphasis:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“The African<i> </i>bears with him all his wealth,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>And</i></span> house, and household-gods, <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><i>and</i></span> armed force,</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>And</i></span> trusty dog, <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><i>and</i></span> quiver fledg'd with darts.”</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">-- Virgil</span></span></div>
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</span></h3>
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<b><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">Greek rhetoricians used </span></span><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">this
figure often</span>.</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">I.<span style="background-color: white;"> <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Excessive use of conjunctions</span></span></span></span></h3>
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</span></span></div>
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<span style="background: transparent;">T</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">he excessive use of conjunctions</span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"></span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"> <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>serves to keep
attention focused</b></span> on the items enumerated. </span></span>For example, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy" target="_blank">Livy</a>,
describing the pleasure and luxury which corrupted and softened the
army of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" target="_blank">Hannibal</a>, says,</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">“For sleep, <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><i>and</i></span> wine, <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><i>and</i></span> feasts, <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>and</i></span>
<a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/strumpet" target="_blank">strumpets</a>, <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><i>and</i></span> <a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bagnio" target="_blank">bagnios</a>, <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>and</i></span> sloth, that through custom grows every
day more bewitching, had so enervated their minds and bodies, that
the reputation of their past victories protected them more than their
present strength.”</span></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></h3>
<div class="western">
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">II. <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Adds weight and gravity</span></span></h3>
<div class="western">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<i>Polysyndeton </i>appears to be laid in the<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">
<b>speaker's desire that every one of his weighty and important ideas
may be fully comprehended</b></span>; and therefore he gives time, by the
reduplication of conjunctions, for the leisurely infusion of his
sentiments, that they may thereby make the more forcible and lasting
impression.<span style="background: transparent;"> It <span style="font-style: normal;">makes what is said to appear with an <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>air of
solemnity</b></span>; and, by retarding the course of the sentence, gives the
mind an opportunity to consider and reflect upon eve</span><span style="font-style: normal;">ry
part distinctly.</span></span></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">“Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?
Shall tribulation, <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><i>or</i></span> distress, <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><i>or</i></span> persecution, <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>or</i></span> famine, <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><i>or</i></span>
nakedness, <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i>or </i></span>peril, <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>or</i></span> sword?<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">” </span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">-- St. Paul</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<br />
<i><span style="background: transparent;"></span></i>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/02/asyndeton-no-conjuctions.html" target="_blank">Previous</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/03/zeugma-one-word-used-in-more-than-one.html" target="_blank">Next</a></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#rhetoric
#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #figurativelanguage
#figuresofspeech #literarydevices #polysyndeton</span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-39272669067935702022015-02-16T02:00:00.000-07:002015-02-23T12:01:06.198-07:00Asyndeton: No conjunctions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></span></h2>
<h2 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Asyndeton</span><span style="background-color: white;">: </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">No conjunctions</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"></span></span></span></span> </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=poVjAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">English Composition and Rhetoric</a>, by Alexander Bain<span style="font-family: inherit;">;</span> <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPKUzUwwg70C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Rhetoric</a></span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i> </span></span>Thomas Gibbons</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>; </i></span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8gsAAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank"><i>Practical Rhetoric</i></a><span style="font-style: normal;">,<i>
by William Edward Jel<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">f</span></i></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">; <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFELAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">The Outlines of Rhetoric for Scho</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFELAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">ols and Colleges</a>, </span>by Joseph Henry Gilmore</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></div>
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>Asyndeton</b></span> (Greek <i>asundeton, </i>‘unconnected’)
is a <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/09/figures-of-speech-deviate-from-ordinary.html" target="_blank">figure</a> of rhetoric in which <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>conjunctives are omitted</b></span> for the sake of vehemence or speed:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">“</span></span>I came, I saw, I conquered</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">.</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">”</span></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">-- Julius Caesar</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<b><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">Greek rhetoricians used </span></span><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">this
figure often</span>.</span></span></b></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">I.<span style="background-color: white;"> <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Same logical and grammatical relations</span></span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: white;"></span></span></span></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
Asyndeton can properly <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>only take place
when</b></span> sentences, phrases, or words which are in the same logical and grammatical
relations to each other, are <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>not connected by a conjunction</b>.</span> By the
omission of the conjunction, the successive thoughts are represented
as <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>following one another so rapidly that they are but </b><b>one thought</b><span style="background-color: white;">:</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">And closing their shields together, they pushed, they fought, they killed, they were killed.</span></blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></h3>
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">II.<span style="background-color: white;"> Flow almost <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">outstrips the speaker</span></span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: white;"></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"></span>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Longinus tells us that asyndeton <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>may create a flow of words poured out</b></span> in such a manner that they <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>almost outstrip
the speaker</b></span>. Some of the best examples of this may be found in the New
Testament:</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;">In all things approving ourselves as the
ministers of God, in much patience, in afflictions, in necessities,
in distresses, in stripes, in imprisonments, in tumults, in labors,
in watchings, in fastings; by pureness, by knowledge, by
long-suffering, by kindness, by the Holy Ghost, by love unfeigned, by
the word of truth, by the power of God, by the armor of righteousness
on the right hand and on the left, by honor and dishonor, by evil
report and good report.<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">-- St. Paul</span></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="western">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">III. Appropriate <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">closing effect</span></span></h3>
<div class="western">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="background: transparent;">Aristotle
</span><i><span style="background: transparent;">(Rhetoric, </span></i><span style="background: transparent;">B.
III., ch. xix.) notes that asyndeton
is <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>appropriate to the close of one's discourse</b></span>:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">“</span></span></span>I have spoken — you have
heard — the case is in your hands, — pronounce your decision.</span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">” </span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">-- Demosthenes</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="background: transparent;">The words above are the <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>closing words</b></span> of Demosthenes, in </span><i><span style="background: transparent;">De
Corona, </span></i><span style="background: transparent;">and also the
closing words of Aristotle's </span><i><span style="background: transparent;">Rhetoric.
</span></i>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/02/ellipsis-something-is-missing.html" target="_blank">Previous</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> Bain<span style="font-size: small;">'s <i>English Composition and Rhetoric</i></span> <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/02/polysyndeton-many-conjunctions.html" target="_blank">Next</a></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#rhetoric
#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #figurativelanguage
#figuresofspeech #literarydevices #asyndeton</span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-22296588486766736182015-02-09T02:00:00.000-07:002015-03-30T14:47:30.247-06:00Ellipsis: Something is missing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Pi3TD5EOVcs/VNgHd5ruraI/AAAAAAAACx4/8xpFKMV8vAA/s1600/ellipsis_something%27s%2Bmissing2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="in-nuce.com ellipsis" border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Pi3TD5EOVcs/VNgHd5ruraI/AAAAAAAACx4/8xpFKMV8vAA/s1600/ellipsis_something's%2Bmissing2.png" title="in-nuce.com ellipsis" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></span></h2>
<h2 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Ellipsis</span><span style="background-color: white;">: </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Something</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"> is Missing</span></span></span></span> </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=poVjAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">English Composition and Rhetoric</a>, by Alexander Bain<span style="font-family: inherit;">;</span> </span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lbMIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">English Composition</a> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i> </span></span>W. Davidson</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>; </i></span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Nu0MAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank"><i>Practical Rhetoric</i></a><span style="font-style: normal;">,<i>
by Albert Raub</i></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">:</span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></div>
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>Ellipsis</b></span> (Greek <i>elleipsis, </i>‘an omission’)
is a <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/09/figures-of-speech-deviate-from-ordinary.html" target="_blank">figure</a> of both grammar and rhetoric in which <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>some word or words in a sentence are omitted</b></span> for the sake of brevity or elegance:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Either you </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[must go]</span> or I must go. </span></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
The words ‘must go’ are omitted and said to be <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>understood or
implied</b></span>.</div>
</blockquote>
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></h3>
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">I.<span style="background-color: white;"> The o</span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: white;">mission is <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">essential to the construction</span> but <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">not to the sense of the sentence</span>.</span></span></span></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.08in; margin-top: 0.1in;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">The flies and the dust stuck to the paper </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span><br />
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">as </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">[they would have stuck]</span> <span style="font-size: x-large;">to clay.</span></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</blockquote>
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">II.<span style="background-color: white;"> Ellipsis is <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">a suggestive figure</span>.</span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;">What is unexpressed is<b> <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">left to the listener or reader to intuit</span></b></span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[it is]</span> Impossible!</span> <span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[that...]</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
The single word ‘Impossible!’ is <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>more
expressive</b></span> than a complete sentence affirming impossibility.</div>
</blockquote>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">III. There are <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">three types of omission</span>.</span></h3>
<div class="western">
<br />
<div class="western">
</div>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A. <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">Omission of a <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/07/grammar-relative-pronouns.html" target="_blank">relative pronoun</a></span></span></h3>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">This is the letter </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[which] </span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;">I wrote.</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">B. <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Omission of a <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/01/grammar-conjunctions-connect.html" target="_blank">conjunction</a></span></span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">He came,</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">[and]</span> <span style="font-size: x-large;">saw,</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">[and]</span> <span style="font-size: x-large;">conquered.</span></blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">C. <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Omission of an entire clause</span></span></h3>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">[This is]</span> <span style="font-size: x-large;">Astonishing!</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">IV.<span style="background-color: white;"> <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: red;">When omitting words from a direct quote</span></span>, an ellipsis is <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">indicated by three periods</span>.</span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A. <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Omission of a word or group of words</span></span></span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
When one, for the sake of brevity or otherwise,
omits a word, a group of words, or one or more sentences from a
quotation, such omission<i> </i>is <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>indicated by three
periods</b></span>. </blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">“Then I asked for a three penny loaf... He gave me, accordingly, three reat puffy rolls.</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">” </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[Ben Franklin in <i>Autobiography</i>] </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">B. <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Omission at the end of a sentence</span></span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
1. If words are omitted <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>from the end of a sentence</b><b>,
the end-mark</b></span> of the sentence, if an exclamation point or an
interrogation-point, <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>is retained, and follows the three periods</b></span>.</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">“</span>Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a great and arduous struggle..</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">.?</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">” </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[Patrick Henry, Speech in the Virginia Convention<i></i>] </span></span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
2. <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>If
the end-mark of the sentence is a period</b></span>, and one or more sentences
following are omitted, <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>there will be four periods</b></span> at this point.
There will be the same number if words are omitted from the beginning
of a sentence following a sentence ending with a period.</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">“</span>We had not been long on the move when we saw dust rising in the road at a distance and soon perceived we were about to meet a little caravan of wagons..</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">.. My heart pounded at the thought.</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">” </span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[Sarah Eleanor Royce in <i>A Frontier Lady</i>] </span></span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/01/apostrophe-pure-or-personified.html" target="_blank">Previous</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> Bain<span style="font-size: small;">'s <i>English Composition and Rhetoric</i></span> <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/02/asyndeton-no-conjuctions.html" target="_blank">Next</a></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#rhetoric
#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #figurativelanguage
#figuresofspeech #literarydevices #ellipsis #punctuation </span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-33135171700404147262015-02-02T02:00:00.000-07:002015-02-02T02:00:02.292-07:00Synecdoche: The 12th Man<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_Seahawks_747_-_12246636256.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img alt="in-nuce.com synecdoche Seahawks" border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-stHNSAsHnhE/VM7wAJhrxAI/AAAAAAAACxo/gXncVJcqSmA/s1600/synecdoche_seahawks3.png" title="in-nuce.com synecdoche Seahawks" /></a></div>
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</span></span></h2>
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<b><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.seahawks.com/12th-Man/" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"></span></span></span></span></a></span></b> </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Synecdoche</span>: <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">The 1<span style="font-family: inherit;">2th Man</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></i></span></i></span></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=poVjAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">English Composition and Rhetoric</a>, by Alexander Bain<span style="font-family: inherit;">;</span> </span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lbMIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">English Composition</a> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i> </span></span>W. Davidson</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>; </i></span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Nu0MAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank"><i>Practical Rhetoric</i></a><span style="font-style: normal;">,<i>
by Albert Raub</i></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">:</span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></div>
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/11/synecdoche-part-for-whole-or-whole-for.html" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>Synecdoche</b></span></a> (Greek </span><span style="font-size: large;"><i><i>synekdoche</i>, </i>‘to receive together’)
is a <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/09/figures-of-speech-deviate-from-ordinary.html" target="_blank">figure</a> which </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>represents a part for the whole</b></span> or the whole for a part, as in</span></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Twelfth Man <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(part)</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">for</span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Seahawks</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">’ fans <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(whole)</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="background: #ffffff;"></span></div>
<div class="western">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/01/apostrophe-pure-or-personified.html" target="_blank">Previous</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> Bain<span style="font-size: small;">'s <i>English Composition and Rhetoric</i></span> Next</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#rhetoric
#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #figurativelanguage
#figuresofspeech #literarydevices #synecdochy #TheTwelfthMan #SeattleSeahawks </span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-30684861498820824962015-01-26T02:00:00.000-07:002015-03-30T14:48:51.895-06:00Apostrophe: Pure or personified<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
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<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Apostrophe</span><span style="background-color: white;">: </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Pure or personified</span></span></span></span> </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=poVjAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">English Composition and Rhetoric</a>, by Alexander Bain<span style="font-family: inherit;">;</span> </span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lbMIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">English Composition</a> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i> </span></span>W. Davidson</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>; </i></span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Nu0MAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank"><i>Practical Rhetoric</i></a><span style="font-style: normal;">,<i>
by Albert Raub</i></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">:</span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></div>
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>Apostrophe</b></span> (Latin <i>apo, </i>from <i>strophe</i>,<i> </i>‘a turning’)
is a <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/09/figures-of-speech-deviate-from-ordinary.html" target="_blank">figure</a> by which the <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="background-color: white;">speaker </span><b>turns from the subject of discourse</b><span style="background-color: white;"> and </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>addresses some other person or thing</b></span></span>:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>O Death</i></span>, where is thy sting?<br /><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><i>O Grave</i></span>, where is thy victory?</span>—I Corinthians 15:55</div>
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<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">I.<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: white;">It supposes </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">intensity of emotion</span></span><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span></span></h3>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.08in; margin-top: 0.1in;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Is
this a dagger which I see before me,<br />The handle toward my hand? <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><i>Come,
let me clutch thee!</i></span><br /><i><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">I have thee not, and yet I see thee still</span>. </i></span>—Shakespeare,
<i>Macbeth</i>,
<a href="http://www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/macbeth_2_1.html" target="_blank">Act 2, Scene 1</a></div>
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There can be no apostrophe without intense
feeling.</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">II. It may exist in <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">either of two forms</span>.</span></h3>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A. <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Pure apostrophe</span></span></h3>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><i>O my son Absalom</i></span>, my son, my son Absalom! would God I had died for thee, O Absalom, my son, my son!</span>—II Samuel 18:33</blockquote>
</blockquote>
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<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">B. <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Apostrophe combined with <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/10/personification-fondness-for-life.html" target="_blank">personification</a></span></span></h3>
</blockquote>
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<div class="western" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><i>Death, be not proud</i></span>, though some have called thee / <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>Mighty and dreadful</i></span>, for thou art not so</span><br />
—John Donne, “<a href="http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/death-be-not-proud-holy-sonnet-10" target="_blank">Holy Sonnet X</a>”</div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/01/exclamation-more-than-interjection.html" target="_blank">Previous</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> Bain<span style="font-size: small;">'s <i>English Composition and Rhetoric</i></span> <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/02/ellipsis-something-is-missing.html" target="_blank">Next</a></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#rhetoric
#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #figurativelanguage
#figuresofspeech #literarydevices #apostrophe #personification </span></span></div>
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Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-57359429500169772332015-01-20T20:04:00.000-07:002015-01-26T15:33:15.738-07:00Exclamation: More than an interjection<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Exclamation</span><span style="background-color: white;">: </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">More than an interjection</span></span></span></span> </h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=poVjAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">English Composition and Rhetoric</a>, by Alexander Bain<span style="font-family: inherit;">;</span> </span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lbMIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">English Composition</a> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i> </span></span>W. Davidson</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>; </i></span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Nu0MAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank"><i>Practical Rhetoric</i></a><span style="font-style: normal;">,<i>
by Albert Raub</i></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">:</span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>Exclamation</b></span> (Latin <i>exclamo, </i>‘I cry out’)
is a <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/09/figures-of-speech-deviate-from-ordinary.html" target="_blank">figure</a> by which a <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>statement is made in an abrupt and inverted form</b></span>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>What rejoicing</i></span> there was!</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">I.<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: white;">A plain or simple fact is </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">uttered with emotion</span></span><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><i>What a wit</i></span> you are!</span></div>
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A proper exclamation usually consists of <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>words with meaning</b></span>. </div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">II. The <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">structure</span> of an exclamation <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">gives it force</span>.</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A. An exclamation may be <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">abrupt</span>.</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">Splendid</span>! </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">B. It may be <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">inverted</span>.</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><i>How oddly will it sound</i></span> if I must praise where I have censured!</span> </span>(It will sound oddly...)</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">C. It may be <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsis_%28linguistics%29" target="_blank">elliptical</a></span>.</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-size: x-large;">What a quiet life!</span></span> (<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><i>is ours</i></span>)</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">III.<span style="background-color: white;"> An</span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: white;"> <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/02/grammar-interjections-inject-emotion.html" target="_blank">interjection</a></span> is a kind of exclamation.</span></span></span></span> </h3>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Gosh</span>!</i><br /> </span></div>
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Interjections are <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>not figurative
language</b></span>, <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>yet they are all exclamations</b></span>. Exclamation is a <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>figure only
when what would otherwise be a plain declarative statement is
expressed</b></span> in an exclamatory and emotional form. <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>Most interjections have no meaning</b> </span>except as
indicating sudden emotion. </div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/01/interrogation-rhetorical-questions.html" target="_blank">Previous</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> Bain<span style="font-size: small;">'s <i>English Composition and Rhetoric</i></span> <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/01/apostrophe-pure-or-personified.html" target="_blank">Next</a></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#rhetoric
#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #figurativelanguage
#figuresofspeech #literarydevices #exclamation #interjection #grammar</span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-8460034458760599512015-01-12T02:00:00.000-07:002015-01-24T19:19:33.726-07:00Interrogation: Rhetorical questions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Interrogation</span><span style="background-color: white;">: </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Rhetorical questions</span></span></span></span> </h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=poVjAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">English Composition and Rhetoric</a>, by Alexander Bain<span style="font-family: inherit;">;</span> </span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lbMIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">English Composition</a> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i> </span></span>W. Davidson</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>; </i></span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Nu0MAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank"><i>Practical Rhetoric</i></a><span style="font-style: normal;">,<i>
by Albert Raub</i></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">:</span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>Interrogation</b></span> (Latin <i>interrogo, </i>‘I question’)
is a <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/09/figures-of-speech-deviate-from-ordinary.html" target="_blank">figure</a> by which a <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>statement is made in the form of a question</b></span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>What people chooses</i></span> to be under foreign dominion?</span></div>
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This is equivalent to: “<span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>No people chooses</b></span> to be under foreign dominion.”</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">I.<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: white;">Questions have </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">rhetorical strength</span></span><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><i>Hath he said it</i></span>, and <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><i>shall he not do it</i></span>?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A. The question <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">affirms strongly that what is said will be done</span>.</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">B. It is an <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">animated form of expression</span>.</span></h3>
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The speaker
puts forth in the form of questions what he<b> <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">neither doubts nor
expects to be answered</span></b>. A certain pitch of excitement is requisite to
justify the boldness of this figure.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">II.<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: white;">Questions </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">require our attention</span></span><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span></span> </h3>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>Were we sent</i></span> into the world simply to make money?</span></div>
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We may be <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>indifferent when someone is merely making declarations</b></span>, but <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>on being appealed to by a question</b></span>, we <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>default to a state of attention</b></span>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">III.<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><span style="background-color: white;">The <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">negative affirms</span>; the <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">positive denies</span></span><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span></span> </h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A. <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Negative affirmation</span> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><i>Is it not</i><i> God</i></span> who justifies?
</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">B. <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Positive denial</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><i>Does God</i></span> pervert justice?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/01/climactic-or-anticlimactic-up-or-down.html" target="_blank">Previous</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> Bain<span style="font-size: small;">'s <i>English Composition and Rhetoric</i></span> <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/01/exclamation-more-than-interjection.html" target="_blank">Next</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#rhetoric
#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #figurativelanguage
#figuresofspeech #literarydevices #interrogation #question #rhetoricalquestion</span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-4146971548100183502015-01-05T18:44:00.000-07:002015-01-24T19:21:47.115-07:00Climactic or anticlimactic: Up or down <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ttDXRg-dbQQ/VKsbW2WuWeI/AAAAAAAACvk/IAkeGEHFo5I/s1600/climax_anticlimax_2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ttDXRg-dbQQ/VKsbW2WuWeI/AAAAAAAACvk/IAkeGEHFo5I/s1600/climax_anticlimax_2.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Climactic<span style="background-color: white;"> or </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">anticlimactic</span></span><span style="background-color: white;">: <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Ascending</span> or <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">descending</span></span></span></span> </h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=poVjAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">English Composition and Rhetoric</a>, by Alexander Bain<span style="font-family: inherit;">;</span> </span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lbMIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">English Composition</a> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i> </span></span>W. Davidson</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>; </i></span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Nu0MAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank"><i>Practical Rhetoric</i></a><span style="font-style: normal;">,<i>
by Albert Raub</i></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">:</span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">I.<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Climax increases</span><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A. A <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">thought grows in strength to the close</span> of the sentence or the paragraph.</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">A <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>day</i></span>, an <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><i>hour</i></span>, an <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>instant</i></span>, may prove fatal.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;">B. The <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">parts grow in importance</span>. </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>Beginning with the weakest</b></span>, the parts of a climax grow in importance. The <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>most forcible stand last</b></span> and make the
strongest impression.
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;">Indolence
implants <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><i>vices</i></span>; vices lead to <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><i>crimes</i></span>; and crimes, to the <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>gallows</i></span>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">II.<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Anticlimax diminishes</span><span style="background-color: white;">. </span></span></span> </h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A. Thought <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">transitions from important to trivial</span>.</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">B. It is often <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">used in humor</span>.</span></h3>
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We tend to <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>laugh at the unexpected</b></span>. </blockquote>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Not only is there no God, but <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i>try getting a plumber on weekends</i></span>.<span style="font-size: x-small;"> (Woody Allen)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/12/hyperbole-more-than-true.html" target="_blank">Previous</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> Bain<span style="font-size: small;">'s <i>English Composition and Rhetoric</i></span> <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/01/interrogation-rhetorical-questions.html" target="_blank">Next</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#rhetoric
#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #figurativelanguage
#figuresofspeech #literarydevices #climax #climactic</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#anticlimax #anticlimactic </span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-2457324494131707212014-12-29T02:00:00.000-07:002014-12-29T02:00:05.073-07:00Happy New Year 2015: Improve the present moment<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Happy New Year</span></b>: Improve the present moment </span></span></span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">In <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3q-5hCEHpJAC&pg=PA175&lpg=PA175&dq=he+know+that+every+day+is+Doomsday+ralph+waldo+emerson&source=bl&ots=lmQhtleKHa&sig=__pUYc0lo9Gh34K_wZhLdztVkrw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eGGPVOerCY-yoQSEg4CQBQ&ved=0CEYQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=he%20know%20that%20every%20day%20is%20Doomsday%20ralph%20waldo%20emerson&f=false" target="_blank"><i>Society and Solitude</i></a>, </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">“Work and Days,</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">” <a href="http://www.biography.com/people/ralph-waldo-emerson-9287153#synopsis" target="_blank">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> writes,</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">“One of the illusions is that the present hour is not the critical, decisive hour. Write it on your heart that <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>every day is the best day in the year</b></span>. No man has learned anything rightly until he knows that every day is Doomsday.</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">”</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">In other words, <i>carpe diem</i>. <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>Seize the Day</b></span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Emerson moves this sentiment from prose to poetry in his poem, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>“<a href="http://www.bartleby.com/102/46.html" target="_blank">Heri, Cras,Hodie</a>” [“Yesterday, Tomorrow, Today”]:</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Shines the last age, the next with hope is seen,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>Today slinks poorly off unmarked</b></span> between:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Future or Past </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">no richer secret folds,</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>O friendless Present, than thy bosom holds</b></span>.</span></blockquote>
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Likewise, <a href="http://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/" target="_blank">John Wesley</a> comments on the importance of embracing the present:</blockquote>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">“He who governed the world before I was born shall take care of it likewise when I am dead. My part is to <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>improve the present moment</b></span>.</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">”</span></span></span></span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#holiday #Christmas #vocabulary #RalphWaldoEmerson #Emerson #JohnWesley<u><br /></u></span></span></div>
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Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-23141290056579941862014-12-22T02:00:00.000-07:002014-12-22T02:00:00.072-07:00Merry Christmas 2014<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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From <a href="http://webstersdictionary1828.com/" target="_blank">Webster's 1828 dictionary</a>:<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">HON'OR</span>, v.t on'or. [L. <i>honoro</i>.]</span></span> </h2>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><dd><h3 style="text-align: left;">
1. <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">To revere</span>;</h3>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">to <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>respect</b></span>; to <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>treat with</b> <b>deference and submission</b></span>, and <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>perform relative duties to</b></span></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></b><span style="font-size: large;"></span></blockquote>
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</dd></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>Honor</i><span style="background-color: white;"> thy father and thy mother</span></span>.</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Ex.20</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><h3 style="text-align: left;">
2. To <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">reverence</span>;</h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">to <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>manifest the highest veneration for</b></span>, in words and
actions; to entertain the most <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>exalted thoughts of</b></span>; to <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>worship</b></span>; to <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>
adore</b></span>.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">That all men should <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><i>honor</i></span> the Son, even as they <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><i>honor</i></span> the Father.</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">John 5</span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><h3 style="text-align: left;">
3. To <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">dignify</span>;</h3>
</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">to <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>raise to distinction</b></span> or notice; to <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>elevate in rank</b></span> or
station; to <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>exalt</b></span>. Men are sometimes honored with titles and offices,
which they do not merit.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Thus shall it be done to the man whom the king delighteth to <i><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">honor</span>.</i></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Esth.6</span></span></blockquote>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><h3 style="text-align: left;">
4. To <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">glorify</span>;</h3>
</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">to <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>render illustrious</b></span>.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">I will be <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><i>honored</i></span> upon Pharaoh, and upon all his host.</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Ex.14</span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><h3 style="text-align: left;">
5. To <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">treat with due civility</span></h3>
</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> and <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>respect in the ordinary intercourse of life</b></span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">The troops <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i>honored</i></span> the governor with a salute. </span></blockquote>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><h3 style="text-align: left;">
6. To <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">pay when due</span>;</h3>
</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In commerce, to <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>accept and pay when due</b></span>; as,</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">to <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i>honor</i></span> a bill of exchange.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#holiday #Christmas #vocabulary #CharlesDickens<u><br /></u></span></span></div>
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Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-12877339159341661222014-12-15T02:00:00.000-07:002015-01-05T18:46:37.029-07:00Hyperbole: More than true<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>Hyperbole</b></span> </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;"> (Greek, <span style="font-style: italic;">excess</span>) is a <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/09/figures-of-speech-deviate-from-ordinary.html" target="_blank"><b>trope</b></a></span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;">by which<b>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">more is expressed than is literally true</span></b>: </span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-large;">I shall <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">strike the
<i>stars</i> with my crown</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Hyperbole</span><span style="background-color: white;">: </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">More than true</span></span></span> </h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=poVjAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">English Composition and Rhetoric</a>, by Alexander Bain<span style="font-family: inherit;">;</span> </span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lbMIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">English Composition</a> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i> </span></span>W. Davidson</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>; </i></span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Nu0MAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank"><i>Practical Rhetoric</i></a><span style="font-style: normal;">,<i>
by Albert Raub</i></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">:</span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">I.<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><span style="background-color: white;">In hyperbole, </span>objects and ideas are magnified<span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Hyperbole
consists in <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>magnifying objects beyond their natural bounds</b></span>, so as to
make them <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>more impressive or intelligible</b></span>.</span></div>
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<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">swift as the wind</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">rivers of blood</span> and <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">hills of slain</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></span></h3>
<h3 class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">II. <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="background-color: white;">Hyperbole </span>comes naturally</span>.</span></span></h3>
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<h3 class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A. Every
<span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">strong passion magnifies</span> whatever concerns it. </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;">1. Love, fear, hatred,
<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>exaggerate</b></span> their several objects <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>in proportion to their intensity</b></span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">A day in
Thy courts</span> is better<br /><br />than <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">a thousand outside</span>.</span> (intense devotion)</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">a. <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>Affection has always been
permitted to enhance</b></span> its objects far <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>above their reality</b></span>.</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">b. <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>Fear
exaggerates danger</b></span>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">c. <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>Hatred intensifies, and even creates, bad
qualities</b></span> in the person or thing hated.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">B. These passions have to be attended to in <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">depicting character</span>.</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;">Anyone under strong passion is <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>represented as magnifying the object
of the passion</b></span>. The terrified scout, in <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/434191/Ossian" target="_blank">Ossian</a>, is made to describe
the enemy thus:
</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iq0LAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA319&lpg=PA319&dq=I+saw+their+chief+tall+as+a+rock+of+ice&source=bl&ots=4YnUkf01ym&sig=GopDRUYgsqUm-AXoXetxeGStETw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rC-OVLbIM9LaoASA_oDABQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=I%20saw%20their%20chief%20tall%20as%20a%20rock%20of%20ice&f=false" target="_blank">I saw their chief <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">tall as a rock of ice</span></a>;<br /><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">his
spear the blasted fir</span>;<br /><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">his shield the rising moon</span>;<br /><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">he sat on the
shore,<br />like a cloud of mist on the hill</span>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">C. Human <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">desire is limitless</span>.</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;">1. Therefore,
<span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>whatever pleases us in poetry, or in the fine arts generally, is
magnified</b></span> as far as can be done <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>without offending our sense of
reality and truth</b></span>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth" target="_blank">Wordsworth</a>, in his <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>praise of <a href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/174804" target="_blank">Duty</a></b></span>, exclaims, “<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>And
the most ancient heavens, through thee, are fresh and strong</b></span>.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;">2. It is a <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>function of poetry to please us by presenting pictures
of surpassing grandeur or loveliness</b></span>, taken from nature and from
humanity.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;">a. Accordingly, it raises actual things by the force of
elevated description, and by all the <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>arts of admissible exaggeration</b></span>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;">b. On account of this feature of the poetic art, <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>Plato <a href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/learning/essay/237814" target="_blank">banished poets</a></b></span>
from his Republic.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;">c. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" target="_blank">Bentham</a> styled poetry “<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>misrepresentation
in verse</b></span>.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">D. Exaggeration is often <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">used for comic
effect</span>.</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;">As the <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>ludicrous requires that a certain object should be
depreciated</b></span> in some mode or other, this is <b><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">often done
by exaggeration</span></b>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire" target="_blank">Voltaire</a>, speaking of England, said “The
English gain two hours a day by clipping words.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">III. Hyperbole must be <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">kept within limits</span>.</span></span></h3>
<div class="western">
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A. Hyperbole should <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">take into account what the hearer will tolerate</span> in the way of
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">departure from the known reality</span>.</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">B. It <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">should be used sparingly</span>.</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">C. It <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">should not be trite</span>.</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;">1. The <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>feelings of those addressed must be
sufficiently strong<span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"> to enable them to appreciate</span></b><span style="background-color: white;"> the hyperbolical expression</span></span>. Few
were prepared, in this respect, for <a href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/john-dryden" target="_blank">Dryden</a>'s couplet on Charles II:</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">The <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">star that at your birth shone out so
bright,</span><br />It <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">stained the duller sun’s meridian light</span>.
</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">D. <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Originality is indispensable</span>.</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;">A
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>mere exaggeration is easy</b></span>; the <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>kind that yields pleasurable surprise
must have novelty, grandeur, or point, to recommend it</b></span>. Plato compared the idea of good to the Sun. <a href="http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/horace" target="_blank">Horace</a>
speaks of a man “striking the stars with his sublime head.”
</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;">The following example is from <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2012/09/poetry-shelley-was-romantic.html" target="_blank">Shelley</a>:</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;">There was <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">such silence</span> through the host, <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">as
when<br />An earthquake, trampling on some populous town</span>,<br /><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Has
crushed ten thousand with one tread</span>, and <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">men<br />Expect the second</span>.
</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">IV. Hyperbole may be<span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span>used for the purpose of illustrating
truth</span>.</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;">We <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>reproach a man for neglecting some common duty</b></span>
by putting it to him what would be the <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>consequences if every one were
to be equally remiss</b></span>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;">To show the influence of the mind on the body, it
is usual to quote the <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>extreme instances</b></span>:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">dying of a broken
heart</span><br /><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">killed by grief or joy</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="western">
<br />
<div class="western">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/12/antithesis-comparison-based-on-contrast.html" target="_blank">Previous</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> Bain<span style="font-size: small;">'s <i>English Composition and Rhetoric</i></span> <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2015/01/climactic-or-anticlimactic-up-or-down.html" target="_blank">Next</a></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#rhetoric
#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #figurativelanguage
#figuresofspeech #literarydevices #hyperbole #poetry</span></span></div>
</div>
Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1507526733814201971.post-23796046975988055872014-12-08T02:00:00.000-07:002014-12-15T09:06:24.157-07:00Antithesis: Comparison based on contrast<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cuV2JySB26k/VIUluZY9BmI/AAAAAAAACuU/7RKCkRCQXFs/s1600/antithesis_2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="in-nuce.com antithesis" border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cuV2JySB26k/VIUluZY9BmI/AAAAAAAACuU/7RKCkRCQXFs/s1600/antithesis_2.png" title="in-nuce.com antithesis" /></a></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>Antithesis</b></span> </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;"> (Greek, from <span style="font-style: italic;">anti, </span><i>‘</i>against,’ and <span style="font-style: italic;">tithemi, </span><i>‘</i>I place’) is a <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/09/figures-of-speech-deviate-from-ordinary.html" target="_blank"><b>figure</b></a></span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"> <b>of </b></span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">comparison</span></b><span style="background-color: white;"> that is </span><b>based upon contrast</b></span>. </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></span></h2>
<h2 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Antithesis</span><span style="background-color: white;">: </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Comparison based on contrast</span></span></span> </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=poVjAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">English Composition and Rhetoric</a>, by Alexander Bain<span style="font-family: inherit;">;</span> </span></span></i></span></i><i><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lbMIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">English Composition</a> </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;"><i>by</i> </span></span>W. Davidson</i><span style="font-family: Warnock Pro;"><i>; </i></span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Nu0MAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank"><i>Practical Rhetoric</i></a><span style="font-style: normal;">,<i>
by Albert Raub</i></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">:</span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<div class="western">
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">I. <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Words and ideas are contrasted</span></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Examples: </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="gtxt_body" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 1em;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Wit <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><i>laughs at</i></span> things; humor <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><i>laughs with</i></span> them.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="gtxt_body" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 1em;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i>Faithful</i></span> are the <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><i>wounds of a friend</i></span>, but the <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><i>kisses of an enemy</i></span> are <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i>deceitful</i></span>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div class="western">
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A. The human <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">mind is affected by changes of impression</span>.</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
For instance, passing from<b> <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">hot
to cold</span></b>, from <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>hunger to repletion</b></span>, from <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>sound to silence</b></span>. This
<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>applies to both feeling and knowledge</b></span>.</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">B. Feelings imply that we have
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">passed from one condition to another</span>.</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
In some emotions, the prominent fact is a <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>transition from a previous state</b></span>; the <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>shock
of change</b> <b>is the</b> <b>cause of the feeling</b></span>. In like manner, a <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>sense of
freedom presupposes restraint</b></span>, and the <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>sentiment of power some
previous state of impotence or weakness</b></span>.</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">C. <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Knowledge</span>, likewise, <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">implies transition</span>.</span></h3>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
We know
<span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b><i>light </i>by having passed out of the </b></span><i><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>dark</b></span>, <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>height </b></span></i><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>by
comparison with </b></span><i><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>depth</b></span>, <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>hardness </b></span></i><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>with </b></span><i><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>softness</b></span>. </i>In
short, <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>knowledge is never single</b></span>; it must have <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>at least two objects</b></span>,
sometimes more than two. Our knowledge of man, for instance, takes in
all that we ever contrast with man—God, angel, animal, &c.</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<h3 class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">II. Objects become more and <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">more impressive by contrast</span>.</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
Antithesis <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>gives vividness</b></span> to an idea <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>by putting it in contrast with
its opposite</b></span>.</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
Thus, <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>white
appears even more bright when placed in contrast with black</b></span>; a <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>tall man
seems taller when placed by the side of a dwarf</b></span>; and <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>either noise or
silence is most impressive when immediately following the other</b></span>. </div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<h3 class="gtxt_body" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">III. The purest form of antithesis is <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">opposite iteration</span>.</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="gtxt_body" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
In an obverse proposition,
the <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;"><b>equivalent fact is stated from the opposite side</b></span>:</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="western" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>Heat relaxes</i></span> the
system; <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><i>cold braces</i></span> it.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><i>Light cheers</i></span>; <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><i>darkness depresses</i></span>.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">IV. <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Using antithesis</span></span></h3>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A. The <span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">contrasted ideas</span> should have the <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">same verbal construction</span>.</span></h3>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="western">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="gtxt_body" style="text-align: left;">
<b>1.</b>The proper form of antithesis is the <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2012/09/writing-balanced-sentences.html" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>balanced sentence</b></span></a>, but there may be antithesis of thought without using the
balanced sentence to express it.</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div class="gtxt_body" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b>2.</b> <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>Nouns should be contrasted with nouns</b></span>, <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>verbs with verbs</b></span>, etc.</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<b>3.</b> <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>Contrasted clauses</b></span> should be as nearly <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>alike in length and
construction</b></span> as possible.</div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">B. Antithesis <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">should be used sparingly</span>.</span></h3>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="western">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
When
employed too frequently it is likely to produce the impression that the
author is less interested in what he has to say than in the manner of
saying it.</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div class="western">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/12/metonymy-change-of-name.html" target="_blank">Previous</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"> Bain<span style="font-size: small;">'s <i>English Composition and Rhetoric</i></span> <a href="http://www.in-nuce.com/2014/12/hyperbole-more-than-true.html" target="_blank">Next</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">#rhetoric
#writing #composition #English #ESL #englishasasecondlanguage
#languagearts
#education #homeschool #teachingenglish #figurativelanguage
#figuresofspeech #literarydevices #antithesis<u></u></span></span></div>
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Shannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15374043315183077084noreply@blogger.com